Turnitin - Wikipedia. Turnitin is an Internet- based plagiarism- prevention commercial service created by i.

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Paradigms, LLC, first launched in 1. Typically, universities and high schools buy licenses to submit essays to the Turnitin website, which checks the documents for unoriginal content. The results can be used to identify similarities to existing sources or can be used in formative assessment to help students learn how to avoid plagiarism and improve their writing. This has been a source of criticism, with some students refusing to do so in the belief that requiring it constitutes a presumption of guilt. Additionally, critics have alleged that use of this proprietary software violates educational privacy as well as international intellectual property laws, and exploits students' works for commercial purposes by permanently storing them in Turnitin's private database. Parent company i.

Paradigms LLC, also offers a similar plagiarism detection service for newspaper editors, book and magazine publishers called i. Thenticate, and runs the informational website Plagiarism.

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Other tools included with the Turnitin suite are Grade. Mark (online grading and feedback) and Peer.

Mark (peer review) services. Turnitin released the Write. Cycle Suite on February 3, 2. Write. Cycle bundles the Originality Checking service with its Grade. Mark online grading tools and Peer. Mark tools. Turnitin released Turnitin.

September 4, 2. 01. It scans its own databases, and also has licensing agreements with large academic proprietary databases. Student paper database. This prevents one student from using another student's paper, by identifying matching text between papers. In addition to student papers, the database contains a copy of the publicly accessible Internet, with the company using a webcrawler to continually add to the web archive, observing for robots. It also contains commercial pages from books, newspapers, and journals. Classroom integration.

Teachers may also submit student papers to Turnitin. ZIP file. Teachers can also set up the assignment analysis options so that students can review their originality reports before they make their final submission. A peer- review option is also available. Some virtual learning environments can be configured to support Turnitin, so that student assignments can be automatically submitted for originality analysis. Blackboard, Moodle, ANGEL, Instructure, Desire. Learn, Pearson Learning Studio, Sakai, and Studywiz provide various forms of Turnitin integration.

That implied license thus grants permission to copy, reproduce and preserve, it says. Dissertations and theses, the company's lawyers claim, also carry with them the implied permission to archive in a publicly accessible collection such as a university library.

Some teachers and professors support this argument when attempting to discourage their schools from joining Turnitin. Alex Tabarrok complained that . The University Senate eventually ruled that Rosenfeld's assignments were to be graded without using Turnitin. On March 6, 2. 00. Senate at Mount Saint Vincent University in Nova Scotia prohibited the submission of students' academic work to Turnitin. This was the first campus- wide ban of its kind in Canada.

Hilton granted summary judgment on the students' complaint in favor of i. Paradigms/Turnitin. The students appealed the ruling. Research. Gate. Retrieved July 1. Dalhousie University. Retrieved 2. 00. 9- 0.

Excalibur Online. York University. Archived from the original on 2. Retrieved 2. 00. 9- 0. Foster, Andrea L.; May 1. Plagiarism- Detection Tool Creates Legal Quandary; The Chronicle of Higher Education; retrieved September 2.

A. V. 2. 00. 9)^Carbone, Nick (2. Archived from the original on October 4, 2. Retrieved 2. 00. 7- 0. Retrieved 2. 01. 1- 1. Archived from the original on March 6, 2. Retrieved 2. 00. 7- 0. Mc. Gill Daily. Archived from the original on 2.

Retrieved 2. 00. 7- 0. Mount Saint Vincent University Senate. Retrieved 2. 00. 9- 0. Free Serial Number Daemon Tools Pro Key. Vincent bans Turnitin. The Gazette. Retrieved 2.

The Daily Princetonian. Retrieved 2. 00. 9- 0. Ryerson University. Retrieved 2. 00. 9- 0. Brock University.

Retrieved 2. 01. 6- 0. Retrieved 2. 00. 9- 0. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2. Archived from the original on 2.

Retrieved 2. 00. 8- 0. United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.

Wikipedia - Wikipedia. Wikipedia ( ( listen)WIK- i- PEE- dee- . There was only the English- language version initially, but it quickly developed similar versions in other languages, which differ in content and in editing practices. With 5,4. 59,0. 92 articles. Overall, Wikipedia consists of more than 4. Its main figures were Jimmy Wales, the CEO of Bomis, and Larry Sanger, editor- in- chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of Richard Stallman.

Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia. By August 8, 2. 00. Wikipedia had over 8,0. It had reached 2.

The English Wikipedia passed the mark of two million articles on September 9, 2. Yongle Encyclopedia, which had held the record for almost 6. In the same interview, Wales also claimed the number of editors was .

The article revealed that since 2. Wikipedia had lost a third of the volunteer editors who update and correct the online encyclopedia and those still there have focused increasingly on minutiae. With 4. 2. 9 million unique visitors, Wikipedia was ranked number 9, surpassing The New York Times (#1. Apple (#1. 1). This marked a significant increase over January 2. Wikipedia receiving around 1. In 2. 01. 4, it received 8 billion pageviews every month.

That's a decline of about 2 billion between December 2. December 2. 01. 3. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page- views of the English Wikipedia declined by 1. German version slid by 1. Japanese version lost 9 per cent. Modifications to all articles would be published immediately.

As a result, any article could contain inaccuracies such as errors, ideological biases, and nonsensical or irrelevant text. Restrictions. Due to the increasing popularity of Wikipedia, popular editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions in some cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.

For example, the German Wikipedia maintains . Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the . Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism- prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. Anyone can view the latest changes to articles, and anyone may maintain a . The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor.

Vandalism can also include advertising and other types of spam. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information to an article, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the underlying code of an article, or use images disruptively.

Seigenthaler was falsely presented as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Wales replied that he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. Beyond legal matters, the editorial principles of Wikipedia are embodied in the . Even these rules are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines. Originally, rules on the non- English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent.

Further, Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source. Among Wikipedia editors, this is often phrased as . They do this by experiencing flow and identifying with and gaining status in the Wikipedia community. Despite the name, administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision- making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project- wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent certain persons from making disruptive edits (such as vandalism). In order to determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums.

Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. Statistical analyses suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted. Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased).

Its remedies include cautions and probations (used in 6. Wikipedia (1. 6%). Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and anti- social behavior. When conduct is not impersonation or anti- social, but rather anti- consensus or in violation of editing policies, remedies tend to be limited to warnings.

These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyond simple editing to include social support, administrative actions, and types of articulation work. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past thirty days. Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non- trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia- specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a .

And in fact the most active 2%, which is 1. In fall 2. 01. 3, 1. Yale, Brown, and Pennsylvania State — offered college credit for students to . Wales said . Lih states his concern with the question indicating that: .

Thirteen of these have over one million articles each (English, Cebuano, Swedish, German, Dutch, French, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Waray- Waray, Polish, Vietnamese and Japanese), six more have over 5. Portuguese, Chinese, Ukrainian, Persian, Catalan and Arabic), 4.

As of January 2. 01. These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e. They are coordinated in part by Meta- Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Wikipedia and others).

As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English, even when they meet notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 5. English Wikipedia, and 2. English Wikipedia.

The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five of more edits per month was relatively constant since 2. Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 4. The attrition rates for editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, were cited as peaking in 2. At the quoted trend rate, the number of active editors in English Wikipedia has lost approximately 2. English Wikipedia by 2. Columnist and journalist Edwin Black criticizes Wikipedia for being a mixture of . However, a peer review in 2.

Wikipedia and Encyclop. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites, and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.