Universal Testing Machines – Design and Capabilities of Universal Testing Machines by Tinius Olsen. Using Tinius Olsen equipment it is possible to perform such tests on raw materials such as metals, polymers, textiles, rubbers, adhesives, food as well finished components. A whole series of tests are available including. They fall into the broad categories of: Optimizing Materials Formulations Using Materials Properties. Information on mechanical properties of plastics such as tensile, flexural, compressive and shear that can help optimize material formulations, processes, and quality control, can all be derived from a universal testing machine. Advances in electronics and data acquisition and analysis software have improved their performance, ease- of- use, and even have led to more attractive pricing.

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Universal Testing Machines. Universal testing machines (UTMs) that test mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, compressive and shear are among the most commonly used instruments plastics compounders are likely to buy when outfitting a lab. Product development is among the key reasons compounders and resin makers test compounds and resins with UTMs. Traditionally, most plastics molders and extruders have relied on getting this information from their material suppliers.

However, increased interest in improving quality control either of incoming material, or, more importantly, at the end of the manufacturing process, as well as product and process development, has led many processors to consider a UTM when outfitting or upgrading a lab. Figure 1. Plastic tensile specimen about to be tested in single column tensile. Figure 2. Twin column tensile tester, with a maximum load capacity of 2,2. N), shown testing some plastics strapping material. The Various Tests a Universal Testing Machine can Perform. Universal testing machines allow you to stretch (tensile), bend (flexural), squash (compression) or pull (shear) a sample until it breaks. The mechanical strength property can be classified, first in terms of the direction in which strain is induced in a specimen when a force is applied to it, and second, in terms of the speed at which the force is applied.

Such static tests, commonly performed on plastics with a typical electromechanical universal testing machine, involve loading the specimen generally at speeds ranging from 0. You are looking to determine the material’s mechanical properties. Just as the speed of a test should be controlled, so should the shape of the sample. Most tensile specimens are designed to have the center section narrower than the ends, and thus commonly called “dogbone” specimens. Data Acquisition in Modern Universal Testing Machines.

Measurements of applied force (load) and deformation of the specimen are generally not made directly on the specimen. Instead, electrical signals are sent to a recorder device, typically a computer running data acquisition and analysis software.

Of course, the earlier UTM machines that were analog with a chart recorder have been virtually replaced by digital controls and PC- driven software. The typical load/deformation curves represent two components- force on the Y- axis versus deformation on the X- axis. By far the most common tests performed on plastics with a UTM are tensile strength and modulus and flexural strength and modulus. All testing is done in accordance with specific ASTM and /or ISO standards. Testing in accordance with OEM standards, particularly in the automotive, aerospace and medical device arenas, may also be required. Tensile Testing. Tensile testing is performed in accordance with ASTM D- 6. ISO 5. 27 combined tensile and flexural procedure.

Tensile properties are the most important single indication of strength in a material. The force needed to pull the specimen apart is determined, along with how much the material stretches before it breaks. Free Download Cafe Manila For Windows 7 Crack Codes.

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The tensile modulus is the ratio of stress to strain below the proportional limit of the material. However, moderate elongation is beneficial as it permits absorbing rapid impact and shock. As a result, the total area under a stress- strain curve is indicative of overall toughness and a measure of the amount of energy required to break the specimen. Flexural Testing. Flexural testing is performed according to ASTM D7. ISO 1. 78. Flexural properties for plastics are derived by placing a specimen on two supports and applying the load at the center at a specified rate and the loading at failure is the flexural strength. In bending, the beam is subject to both tensile and compressive stresses.

Because most thermoplastics do not break in this test, the flexural strength cannot be calculated. The compressive strength of a material is calculated as the stress required to rupture the specimen or deform the specimen to a given percentage of its height. With the exception of foams, the compressive strength of rigid plastics is of limited design value, since they seldom fail from compressive loading alone. Still, compressive strength data may be useful in specifications for distinguishing between different grades of a material and, assessing the overall strength of different kinds of materials along with other data. Such tests are performed according to ASTM D6. ISO 6. 04. Shear Tests. Shear tests are rarer for most plastics, according to suppliers of UTMs.

Shear strength is obtained by placing a specimen in a punch type shear fixture and the punch is pushed down at a rate of 0. Shear strength is calculated as the force/area sheared. It is important in film and sheet products where failures from this type of load can occur, whereas for the design of molded and extruded products it is rarely a factor. Plastic sheets or molded plastic discs measuring 0. There are hundreds of different grips and fixtures differing in mechanical design for specimen material and design. For tensile testing of plastics, the most common type is the wedge- action, self- tightening grip- it self tightens as load is increased. For flexural tests, the most common is the three- point bend fixture.

Compression platens are used for compression testing; these are saucer- shaped with a precision grade surface that attaches to the machine's load cell. Figure 3. Screenshot from test set- up section of QMat software showing available results selection.

Figure 4. Single column low force tester testing the compressive strength of plastic milk containers. Configuration of Universal Testing Machines. A UTM consists of one or two vertical load bearing columns on which are mounted a fixed base horizontal plate and a moveable horizontal crosshead on top. In today’s UTMs the columns are usually of a ball screw drive construction to position the moveable crosshead, allowing the workspace to remain between the machine base and the moving crosshead. Figure 5. Resultant graph generated by PC based QMat software, showing the result of a peel test. Load Cells and Load Ratings.

The size of a UTM is described by a combination of the maximum load rating of the frame and the load cell or load sensor device that measures the load/force. The load cell is attached to the moving crosshead that is driven by electric motors. A load cell in series with the grip measures the force, which can be displayed on a digital display or a PC. Depending on the design, the load cell can be replaced with another load cell that is better matched to the material under test, within the maximum limits of the tensile tester’s supporting frame.

Load Capacities and Configurations for Testing of Plastics. The commonly used electromechanical units range in capacity from 1. Whether single- or dual- column, the most commonly used machines in testing plastics are vertical benchtop units. The same principles apply to horizontal machines which are primarily relegated for use in automated processes that utilize robots to continuously test samples. Single- column UTM machines are lower force machines and lower cost. Dual- column UTMs are available in load frame capacities from 1.

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